I-China lilizwe elikhulu elivelisa izinto, ingakumbi eliqhutywa luphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe, amashishini anxulumene nemveliso ase-China afumene iziphumo ezilungileyo kakhulu. Kwishishini loomatshini,izixhobozezona zinto zibalulekileyo neziyimfuneko, ezisetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho lwelizwe. Uphuhliso olunamandla lweshishini lokuvelisa laseTshayina luqhubele phambili ngokukhawuleza kwishishini lezixhobo.

Okwangoku, uphuhliso oluzimeleyo luye lwaba ngumxholo ophambili weizixhobo kushishino, kwaye kukwakho nexesha lokutshintsha. Kule mihla, ukwenziwa kwezinto ngobuchule kuye kwaba ngumgaqo-nkqubo omtsha okhuthazwa lilizwe. Ishishini lezixhobo lineempawu zokulinganisa kunye neebhetshi ezinkulu, kwaye kulula ukuqonda utshintsho oluya kwicala elikrelekrele. Kunokuthiwa eyona ngxaki inkulu yamashishini angoku okwenziwa kwezixhobo yimfuneko engxamisekileyo yokutshintsha indlela yokuvelisa kunye nokuphucula inqanaba lokuzenzekela kwefektri.

Okokuqala, imeko yophuhliso lweshishini lezixhobo zaseTshayina

Ishishini lezixhobo lishishini elisisiseko kwishishini lezixhobo laseTshayina. Linomlinganiselo ophezulu wobudlelwane phakathi kwemizi-mveliso, ukufunxwa kwemisebenzi okunamandla, kunye nemali eninzi yobugcisa. Sisiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo sokuba ishishini lezixhobo lifikelele ekuphuculeni imboni kunye nenkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe.

Emva kweminyaka engama-30 yophuhliso, iTshayinaizixhobo Ishishini lidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo exhasayo yehlabathi, kwaye lenze inkqubo yezoshishino epheleleyo kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ngokwembali liye labona utshintsho oluvela kwimigangatho ephantsi ukuya kwephakathi, inkqubo yeteknoloji yegiya kunye nenkqubo esemgangathweni yeteknoloji yegiya eyenziwe ngokusisiseko. Amashishini oomatshini beebhayisekile, iimoto, amandla omoya kunye noomatshini bokwakha ngawona aqhuba uphuhliso lweshishini lezixhobo zelizwe lam. Iqhutywa zezi shishini zinxulumeneyo, isikali sengeniso yeshishini lezixhobo sibonisa indlela yokukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye isikali seshishini lezixhobo siyaqhubeka nokukhula. Idatha ibonisa ukuba ngo-2016, ixabiso lemveliso yemarike yeshishini lezixhobo zelizwe lam lalimalunga ne-230 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, libekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi. Ngo-2017, ixabiso lemveliso yeemveliso zezixhobo lafikelela kwi-236 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, ukunyuka konyaka kwe-7.02%, okumalunga ne-61% yexabiso lilonke lemveliso yezixhobo zoomatshini ngokubanzi.

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswa ngayo imveliso, ishishini lezixhobo lingahlulwahlulwa libe ziindidi ezintathu: izixhobo zezithuthi, izixhobo zoshishino kunye nezixhobo ezithile zezixhobo; izicelo zemveliso yezixhobo zezithuthi ziquka iimoto ezahlukeneyo, iibhayisekile, oomatshini bokwakha, oomatshini bezolimo kunye nezithuthi zomkhosi, njl.njl.; izicelo zemveliso yezixhobo zoshishino, Amacandelo ezixhobo zoshishino aquka ezolwandle, ezemigodi, ezesinyithi, ezomoya, amandla ombane, njl.njl., izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zezixhobo ikakhulu zezixhobo zokwenza izixhobo ezifana nezixhobo zomatshini ezikhethekileyo zezixhobo, izixhobo zokusika njalo njalo.

Kwimarike enkulu yezixhobo zaseTshayina, isabelo semarike sezixhobo zezithuthi sifikelela kwi-62%, kwaye izixhobo zoshishino zifikelela kwi-38%. Phakathi kwazo, izixhobo zezithuthi zifikelela kwi-62% yezixhobo zezithuthi, oko kukuthi, i-38% yemarike yezixhobo iyonke, kwaye ezinye izixhobo zezithuthi zifikelela kwi-24% yemarike iyonke.

Ngokwembono yemveliso, kukho amashishini okuvelisa izixhobo angaphezu kwama-5,000, amashishini angaphezu kwe-1,000 angaphezulu kobukhulu obumiselweyo, kunye namashishini aphambili angaphezu kwama-300. Ngokwenqanaba leemveliso zezixhobo, umlinganiselo weemveliso eziphezulu, eziphakathi neziphantsi umalunga nama-35%, 35% kunye nama-30%;

Ngokuphathelele inkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo, “Isishwankathelo seSicwangciso soPhuhliso lweSayensi neTekhnoloji seSizwe esiPhakathi neSide (2006-2020)”, “Isicwangciso soLungiso noVuselelo lweShishini lokuVelisa izixhobo”, “Isicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu seshumi elinesibini seenxalenye ezisisiseko zoomatshini, iTekhnoloji yokuVelisa eSisiseko kunye neShishini leZixhobo eziSisiseko” “Isicwangciso soPhuhliso” kunye “neZikhokelo zokuPhunyezwa kweeProjekthi zeSiseko esiqinileyo seShishini (2016-2020)” zikhutshwe ngokulandelelana, ezidlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni itekhnoloji yezixhobo kunye nophando lwemveliso kunye nophuhliso lwazo kunye nophuhliso lwazo lwemizi-mveliso.

Ngokwembono yabathengi, iigiya zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto ezahlukeneyo, kwiimoto ezithutha abantu, kwiimoto zezolimo, kwizixhobo zokuvelisa umbane, kwizixhobo zokwakha zesinyithi, kwiimashini zokwakha, kwiinqanawa, kwizixhobo zokuthutha oololiwe nakwiirobhothi. Ezi zixhobo zifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu nokuphezulu, ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kakuhle kothumelo kunye nobomi benkonzo ende yeegiya kunye neeyunithi zeegiya. Ngokwembono yexabiso legiya (kuquka nezixhobo zeegiya), iigiya ezahlukeneyo zezithuthi zingaphezulu kwe-60%, kwaye ezinye iigiya zingaphantsi kwe-40%. Ngo-2017, abavelisi beemoto ezahlukeneyo bavelise kwaye bathengisa malunga nezithuthi ezingama-29 ezigidi, zixhotyiswe ngee-transmissions ezenziwe ngesandla, ii-transmissions ezizenzekelayo, ii-axles zokuqhuba kunye nezinye iimveliso zeegiya ezimalunga ne-140 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Ngo-2017, i-126.61GW yamandla okuvelisa umbane asandul’ ukufakwa yongezwa kuzwelonke. Phakathi kwazo, amandla ombane afakelweyo angama-45.1GW, amandla ombane afakelweyo angama-9.13GW, amandla omoya aqhagamshelwe kwigridi angama-16.23GW, amandla elanga aqhagamshelwe kwigridi angama-53.99GW, kunye namandla enyukliya angama-2.16GW afakelweyo. Ezi zixhobo zokuvelisa amandla zixhotyiswe ngezixhobo ezifana neebhokisi zegiya ezinyusa isantya kunye nezixhobo zokunciphisa iibhiliyoni zeeyuan.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngenkxaso yemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemali, amandla okuvelisa izinto ezintsha kweli shishini aphuculwe kakhulu. Amanye amashishini aphambili kweli shishini aseke amaqonga ophando nophuhliso olutsha afana namaziko etekhnoloji yeshishini lesizwe, iindawo zokusebenza emva kwe-enterprise, iindawo zokusebenza zezemfundo, kunye namaziko ophando lweshishini, ebeka isiseko sophuhliso olutsha. Inani lamalungelo obunikazi agunyazisiweyo liphezulu kwaye lisemgangathweni ophezulu, ingakumbi inani lamalungelo obunikazi okuvelisa izinto ezintsha linyuke kakhulu. Impumelelo enkulu yenziwe kwimpumelelo yesayensi netekhnoloji, kwaye itekhnoloji yokuvelisa iimveliso zezixhobo eziphezulu ezifana neerakhi ezinkulu ezinamazinyo aqinileyo, iibhokisi ezinkulu zeplanethi ezinzima, kunye nokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-8AT kwi-Three Gorges ship lift ifikelele kwinqanaba eliphambili lamazwe ngamazwe. Amashishini ahlukeneyo agxila kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesicelo ngokweempawu zawo kunye neenzuzo zawo. Ishishini elinye lithatha inxalenye encinci yesabelo semarike iyonke, kwaye uxinaniso lwemarike yezixhobo zasekhaya luphantsi.

2. Indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo kushishino lwezixhobo

Ukufakelwa kombane, ukuguquguquka, ubukrelekrele kunye nobunzima obuphantsi ziindlela zophuhliso lweemveliso zexesha elizayo, eziziingxaki kunye namathuba kwiinkampani zezixhobo zemveli.

Ukufakelwa kombane: Ukufakelwa kombane kuzisa imingeni kuthumelo lwezixhobo zemveli. Ingxaki ekuzisayo yile: kwelinye icala, uthumelo lwezixhobo zemveli luphuculwe luye kwisakhiwo esilula nesikhaphukhaphu esinesantya esiphezulu, ingxolo ephantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nobomi obude. Kwelinye icala, lujongene nokuguqulwa kwe-electric direct drive ngaphandle kothumelo lwezixhobo. Ke ngoko, iinkampani zothumelo lwezixhobo zemveli akufuneki zifunde kuphela indlela yokuhlangabezana neemfuno zothumelo lombane ukulawula ingxolo yothumelo lwezixhobo ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu (≥15000rpm), zisebenzise amathuba okukhula kothumelo olutsha oluveliswa kukukhula okuqhambukayo kwezithuthi zombane, kodwa zikwanike ingqalelo kwixesha elizayo. Isongelo esiguqukayo setekhnoloji yothumelo lombane olungenagiya kunye netekhnoloji yothumelo lwezixhobo zemveli kushishino lothumelo lwezixhobo zemveli kunye nezixhobo.

Ukuguquguquka: Kwixesha elizayo, ukhuphiswano lwemarike luya kuba mnandi ngakumbi, kwaye imfuno yeemveliso iya kuba yahlukahlukene kwaye yenziwe ngokwezifiso, kodwa imfuno yemveliso enye isenokungabi nkulu kakhulu. Njengeshishini elisisiseko kwishishini lokuvelisa, ishishini lezixhobo kufuneka lijongane namacandelo amaninzi asezantsi. Ukwahluka kwemveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kubeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuba amashishini aseke inkqubo yemveliso eguquguqukayo ukuze agqibezele imisebenzi yokuvelisa ibhetshi yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokulungiswa kwezixhobo kumgca wemveliso omnye, ongahlangabezani nje neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa unciphisa ixesha lokungasebenzi komgca wendibano yezixhobo kwaye ufezekise imveliso eguquguqukayo. ukwakha ukhuphiswano oluphambili lwamashishini.

Ubuchule: Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwetekhnoloji yokulawula koomatshini kwenza umatshini ube ngowokuzenzekelayo; ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwetekhnoloji yokulawula, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lolwazi, kunye netekhnoloji yenethiwekhi kwenza oomatshini kunye nokuveliswa kube yingqondi. Kumashishini emveli okuvelisa izixhobo, umngeni kukuba indlela yokwenza ubunjineli bombane, ubunjineli be-elektroniki, itekhnoloji yokulawula, itekhnoloji yenethiwekhi kunye nokudibanisa kube yingqondi.

Ilula: Izixhobo ezikhaphukhaphu nezinamandla aphezulu, ukunciphisa ubunzima besakhiwo kunye nokuguqulwa kunye nokuqina komphezulu kufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamashishini kunye netekhnoloji yokulinganisa ephucukileyo.